With respect to the hazardous areas of tankers, explain flameproof (Ex d), state the equipment so protected, and list likely defects?

flowchart TD
    A[Flameproof Ex d] --> B[Strong enclosure]
    B --> C[Contains internal explosion]
    C --> D[Flame-path gaps quench escaping flame]
    D --> E[Prevents ignition of outside atmosphere]

• Flameproof (Ex d): Enclosure withstands internal explosion and flame-path gaps quench escaping flame to prevent external ignition.
• Zone 1 equipment: Electric motors, lighting fittings, switches, junction boxes, control stations.
• Defects: Damaged flame-path gaps, missing/damaged cable glands, cracks/corrosion, paint/grease on flame-paths, loose fasteners, non-certified modifications, missing certification plates.
• Verification: Check certification for zone/gas group, flame-path gaps within tolerances, maintenance by competent personnel.