What is salvage, what are its types, and what do LOF, Articles 13 and 14 and SCOPIC provide?

flowchart TD
  A["Property in danger"] --> B["LOF signed: no cure, no pay"]
  B --> C{"Useful result?"}
  C -->|Yes| D["Article 13 reward, up to the salved value"]
  C -->|No| E["No reward (Article 12)"]
  A --> F["Environmental threat"]
  F --> G["Article 14 special compensation: expenses, up to 30% more; or the SCOPIC tariff with P&I security"]

• Salvage (Convention 1989, Article 1): assisting a vessel or property in danger; a successful salvor earns a reward; Article 12 no cure, no pay.
• Types: contract (usually LOF; the master may sign, Article 6) or voluntary; property versus life salvage (no reward from the persons saved, a share of the property reward).
• LOF: Lloyd’s Open Form, no cure, no pay, the reward fixed later by Lloyd’s arbitration in London so work starts at once; with the SCOPIC option.
• Article 13 criteria: salved value, environmental skill, success, danger, skill, time and expenses, liability risk, promptness, equipment; never exceeding the salved value.
• Article 14: where the vessel or cargo threatened the environment and the Article 13 reward is inadequate, the salvor recovers expenses, up to 30% more if damage was prevented, exceptionally up to 100%.
• SCOPIC and Article 8: a pre-agreed tariff backed by P&I security replaces Article 14; Article 8 is the paramount duty of care to the environment.